Sunday, June 8, 2014

Ethical Hacking interview questions and answers

1)
Who is a hacker?
Intelligent individuals with excellent computer skills, with the ability to create and explore into the computer's software and hardware.
2
What is footprinting ?
Footprinting refers to uncovering and collecting as much information as possible about a target network.
3)
Definition and types of scanning
Scanning refers to a set of procedures for identifying hosts, ports, and services in a network. Scanning is one of the components of intelligence gathering for an attacker to create a profile of the target organization.
Scanning types :
  • Port Scanning
  • Vulnerability Scanning
  • Network Scanning
4)
What is Enumeration ?
Enumeration is defined as the process of extracting user names, machine names, network resources, shares, and services from a system. Enumeration techniques are conducted in an Intranet Environment.
6)
What is MIB ( Management Information Base )?
MIB is a virtual database containing formal description of all the network objects that can be managed using SNMP. The MIB database is hierarchical and each managed object in a MIB is addressed through object identifiers ( OID ).
7)
What is LDAP ( Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ) ?
The Lightweight Directory Access protocol is a protocol used to access the directory listings within Active Directory or from the other directory services.
8)
What is NTP ?
Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) is designed to synchronize clocks of networked computers. It uses UDP port 123 as its primary means of communication. NTP can maintain time to within 10 milliseconds (1/100 seconds) over the public Internet.
9)
What are the types of hacking stages ?
  • Gaining Access
  • Escalating Privileges
  • Executing Applications
  • Hiding Files
  • Covering Tracks
10)
Types of password cracking techniques?
  • Dictionary Attacks
  • Brute Forcing Attacks
  • Hybrid Attack
  • Syllable Attack
  • Rule - based Attack.
5)
What is SNMP( Simple Network Management Protocol ) ?
Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) is a TCP/IP protocol used for remote monitoring and managing hosts, routers, and other devices on a network.
6)
What is MIB ( Management Information Base )?
MIB is a virtual database containing formal description of all the network objects that can be managed using SNMP. The MIB database is hierarchical and each managed object in a MIB is addressed through object identifiers ( OID ).
7)
What is LDAP ( Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ) ?
The Lightweight Directory Access protocol is a protocol used to access the directory listings within Active Directory or from the other directory services.
8)
What is NTP ?
Network Time Protocol ( NTP ) is designed to synchronize clocks of networked computers. It uses UDP port 123 as its primary means of communication. NTP can maintain time to within 10 milliseconds (1/100 seconds) over the public Internet.
9)
What are the types of hacking stages ?
  • Gaining Access
  • Escalating Privileges
  • Executing Applications
  • Hiding Files
  • Covering Tracks
10)
Types of password cracking techniques?
  • Dictionary Attacks
  • Brute Forcing Attacks
  • Hybrid Attack
  • Syllable Attack
  • Rule - based Attack.

Saturday, June 7, 2014

Nested 1 Type Symbol Pyramid

Q. Write a nested single symbol pyramid C program as:

#
#
##
##
###
###
####
####

Ans.

/*c program for nested single symbol pyramid*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int num,r,c,z;
 printf("Enter Maximum Loop Repeat Number: ");
 scanf("%d"&num);

 for(r=1; r<=num; r++)
 {
  for(c=1; c<=2; c++)
  {
   for(z=1; z<=r; z++)
      printf("#");
   printf("\n");
  }
 }
 getch();
 return 0;
}

/****************************************
The output of above program would be
****************************************/



Output for nested Single Symbol Pyramid C program
Figure: Screen shot for nested Single Symbol Pyramid C program

The Obsolete Technology Website presents: The First Laptop computers:


1980
TRS-80
Pocket Computer
The first laptop computers! "Click" the images to see more information.
Laptop and pocket computers have been around for decades, but bear little resemblance to today's powerful systems.

What defines a laptop computer? Most people agree on light-weight, battery operation, with the keyboard and display device in a self-contained package. A full-size keyboard may or may not be a requirement, depending on your view-point.

Even the earliest systems were true computers, with tiny keyboards and tiny screens. They required no operating system to control their simple hardware - they were usually programmable in the popular BASIC programming language, or had their own proprietary operating system.
1981
Epson
HX-20
1982
GRiD
Compass 1129

Panasonic
HHC

HP-75C
1983
TI CC-40

TRS-80
model 100

Gavilan SC

TRS-80
PC3
1984
TRS-80
model 200

Epson
PX-8

Sord
IS-11

HP-110
1985
Kaypro
2000
1986
IBM
Convertible
1987
Linus
Write-Top
1989
Atari
Portfolio

Macintosh
Portable

Atari
Stacy

Zenith
MiniSport
1991
Apple
PowerBook

Timeline:


Timeline:
Show Images
1970
Datapoint 2200
1971
Kenbak-1
1972
Hewlett-Packard 9830
1973
Micral
Scelbi-8H
1974
Mark-8
1975
MITS Altair 8800
SwTPC 6800
Sphere
IMSAI 8080
IBM 5100
1976
MOS KIM-1
Sol-20
Hewlett-Packard 9825
PolyMorphic
Cromemco Z-1
Apple I
The Digital Group
Rockwell AIM 65
Compucolor 8001
1977
ELF, SuperELF
Wameco QM-1A
Vector Graphic
Vector-1
RCA COSMAC VIP
Apple II
Commodore PET
Radio Shack TRS-80
Atari VCS (2600)
NorthStar Horizon
Heathkit H8
Intel MCS-85
Heathkit H11
1978
Netronics ELF II
IBM 5110
VideoBrain Family Computer
Compucolor II
Exidy Sorcerer
Ohio Scientific
Superboard II
Synertek SYM-1
Interact Model One
Research Machines 380Z
Magnavox Odyssey 2
Cybervision 2001
APF Imagination Machine
Cromemco System 3
1979
Z80 Starter Kit
TRS-80 model II
Bell & Howell
SwTPC S/09
Heathkit H89
Atari 400
Atari 800
TI-99/4
Findex
Sharp MZ 80K
Intertec SuperBrain
1980
HP-85
Micro Ace
IBM 5120
TRS-80 Color Computer
TRS-80 model III
TRS-80 Pocket Computer
NNC 80W
Sinclair ZX80
1981
Dynabyte 5100
TFC 3450
By Fujitsu
Commodore VIC-20
Sinclair ZX81
Apple III
Xerox 820
Osborne 1
Micro-Professor
TI-99/4A
IBM System/23
IBM PC
LNW-80
Rockwell AIM 65/40
BBC Micro
1982
Timex Sinclair 1000
Kaypro II
Otrona Attache
GRiD Compass 1101
Victor 9000
NEC APC
SAGE II
DEC Rainbow 100
Sinclair ZX-Spectrum
Lobo MAX-80
Panasonic/
Quasar HHC
Franklin Ace 100
Franklin Ace 1000
HP-75C
Commodore 64
Commodore B128
Toshiba T100
Epson HX-20
Zorba
1983
Dynalogic Hyperion
Compaq Portable
TI CC-40
Jupiter Ace
Apple Lisa
TRS-80 model 100
Kyotronic 85
Olivetti M-10
NEC PC-8201a
Tomy Tutor
Gavilan SC
SAGE IV
Altos 586
Pied Piper
Spectravideo CompuMate
Mattel Aquarius
Coleco Adam
Timex Sinclair 1500
TRS-80 MC-10
Apple III Plus
Visual Commuter
TI Portable Professional
1984
Commodore SX-64
Apple Macintosh
Sinclair QL
IBM Portable
TRS-80 model 200
Epson PX-8
Ampro Little Board
IBM PCjr
Apple IIc
Sord IS-11
HP 110
Amstrad CPC
Tano Dragon
Data General One
Morrow Pivot
Tandy 1000
Sharp PC-5000
1985
Atari 520ST
Franklin Ace 2000
Franklin Ace 500
Osborne Vixen
Kaypro 2000
Amiga 1000
Zenith Z-171
Sharp PC-7000
AT&T UNIX PC
Toshiba T1100
Amstrad PCW
1986
Compaq Portable II
IBM Convertible
Apple IIGS
1987
Zenith eazy PC
Amiga 500
Amiga 2000
DynaMac
Canon Cat
Linus Write-Top
Commodore 128D (USA)
Compaq Portable III
1988
Apple IIc Plus
1989
Atari Portfolio
Macintosh Portable
Atari Stacy
NeXT
Atari ST Book
Psion MC-600
Zenith MinisPort
GRiDPad
Outbound
1990
Poqet PC
Atari TT030
Amiga 3000
1991
Commodore CDTV
HP 95LX
NCR-3125
Macintosh PowerBook
1992
Amiga 600
Zeos Pocket PC
Amiga 4000
Amiga 1200
IBM ThinkPad
1993
AT&T EO 440
Amstrad PenPad
Dauphin DTR-1
Apple Newton

GREEN=Acquired
RED=Wanted

Macintosh - 1984

Apple Macintosh
Model:M0001
Introduced:January 1984
Price:US$2495
CPU:Motorola 68000, 7.83 Mhz
RAM:128K, later 512K
Display:9-inch monochrome screen
512x342 pixels
Ports:Two DB9 serial ports
Printer port
External floppy port
Storage:Internal 400K SSDD floppy
optional external floppy ($495)
OS:Macintosh GUI
(graphical user interface)
Macintosh - 1984 By Apple Computer






The Macintosh computer was released in January of 1984, with 128K RAM of memory. It quickly became obvious that this was insufficient, so eight months later Apple released an updated version, un-officially referred to as the 'Fat Mac'. It has 512K RAM, four times as much.

Before the Macintosh, all computers were 'text-based' - you operated them by typing words onto the keyboard. The Macintosh is run by activating pictures (icons) on the screen with a small hand-operated device called a "mouse". Most modern-day computers now operate on this principle, including modern Apple computers and most others which run the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Except for the very expensive and unpopular Apple Lisa which came out in 1983, the Macintosh is considered to be the first commercially successful computer to use a GUI (Graphical User Interface), as seen below.




The Macintosh has no room for internal expansion options - no other cards or devices can be installed, nor can the graphics capabilities be upgraded. Actually, it takes special tools just to get the case open.

Although adequate for desktop publishing, many found the 9" (diagonal) black & white screen rather small and limiting. The uniqueness of its GUI operating system probably saved the Macintosh from obscurity like so many others.

Like the Commodore Amiga 1000 and the Macintosh Portable, the Macintosh has the signatures of the designer's cast into the inside of the case.

Don't forget to use your official Macintosh carrying bag when transporting your favorite computer to remote locations!

 

Related Links

  • Mac Folklore - Anecdotes about the development of Mac and the people who created it.
  • Behind the scenes of the famous "1984" Macintosh commercial
  • Stanford University: Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley
  • Macintosh from the Low End Mac web site
  • Apple-history.com
  • WOZ Homepage
  • myoldmac.net
  • Vectronics Apple World
  • Apple Macintosh before System 7
  • System software from Apple
  • Mac Easter Eggs
  • Partial History of the Apple Computer Corporation

    • 1973: Stephen Wozniak joins HP.
    • 1976: Wozniak proposes that HP create a personal computer. He is rejected.
    • 1976: March - Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs finish work on a computer circuit board, that they call the Apple I computer.
    • 1976: April - Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak form the Apple Computer Company, on April Fool's Day.
    • 1976: July - The Apple I computer board is sold in kit form, and delivered to stores by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Price: US$666.66.
    • 1976: August - Steve Wozniak begins work on the Apple II.
    • 1976: October - Wozniak remains at HP, but is soon convinced that he should leave and join Apple Computer.
    • 1976: December - Steve Wozniak and Randy Wigginton demonstrate the first prototype Apple II at a Homebrew Computer Club meeting.
    • 1977: March - Apple Computer moves from Jobs' garage to an office in Cupertino.
    • 1977: April - Apple Computer delivers its first Apple II system, for $1295.
    • 1977: May - 10 months after its introduction, 175 Apple I kits have sold.
    • 1978: Apple Computer begins work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie.
    • 1978: Apple Computer begins work on a supercomputer with a bit-sliced architecture, code-named Lisa.
    • 1979: June - Apple Computer introduces the Apple II Plus, with 48KB memory, for US$1195.
    • 1979: September - Apple Computer sells 35,000 Apple II computers for the fiscal year.
    • 1979: October - 2.5 years after the introduction of the Apple II, 50,000 units have been sold.
    • 1979: Apple Computer begins work on "Sara", the code name for what will be the Apple III.
    • 1980: May - Apple Computer introduces the Apple III. Price ranges from US$4500 to US$8000.
    • 1980: September - Apple Computer sells over 78,000 Apple II computers during the fiscal year.
    • 1980: Apple Computer ships the first Apple III units in limited quantity.
    • 1980: Apple Computer begins project "Diana", which would become the Apple IIe.
    • 1981: September - Apple Computer introduces its first hard drive, the 5MB ProFile, for US$3499.
    • 1981: Apple Computer officially reintroduces the Apple III, with improved software and a hard disk.
    • 1982: Sales of Apple II Plus to date: 45,000.
    • 1982: Sales of all Apple II systems to date: 750,000.
    • 1982: Apple Computer becomes the first personal computer company to reach US$1 billion in annual sales.
    • 1982: Franklin Computer Corp. unveils the Franklin Ace 1000, the first legal (at the time) Apple II clone.
    • 1983: January - Apple Computer officially unveils the Lisa computer. Its initial price is US$10,000. During its lifetime, 100,000 units are produced.
    • 1983: January - Apple Computer introduces the Apple IIe for US$1400.
    • 1983: June - The one millionth Apple II is made.
    • 1983: June - Apple Computer begins shipping the Lisa.
    • 1983: June - Video Technology introduces the Laser 3000, an Apple II workalike microcomputer.
    • 1983: June - Unitronics shows the Sonic, an Apple II workalike microcomputer.
    • 1983: July - Apple Computer officially begins marketing the Lisa computer.
    • 1983: December - Apple Computer introduces the redesigned Apple III as the Apple III+, for US$3000.
    • 1983: December - Apple unveils the new Macintosh to the press.
    • 1983: Franklin shows an operating Franklin Ace 1200 Apple II compatible for US$2200.
    • 1984: January - Apple releases a new version of the Lisa computer, the Lisa 2. It uses all new software, as well as the Macintosh operating system.
    • 1984: January - Apple Computer's Steve Jobs introduces the Apple Macintosh.
    • 1984: April - Apple Computer unveils the Apple IIc, priced at US$1300.
    • 1984: April - Apple Computer retires the Apple III and Apple III+, with only 65,000 units sold in total (90,000 made).
    • 1984: May - Apple Computer announces that 70,000 Macintosh computers have been shipped in the first 100 days since its announcement.
    • 1984: September - Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh 512K for US$3200.
    • 1984: November - The 2 millionth Apple II computer is sold.
    • 1984: Apple sells the 250,000th Macintosh system.
    • 1985: January - Apple Computer officially renames the Lisa the Macintosh XL.
    • 1985: March - Apple Computer introduces the Apple Enhanced IIe.
    • 1985: April - The Macintosh XL (formerly called Lisa) is dropped from Apple Computer's product line.
    • 1986: January - Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh Plus. Price is US$2600.
    • 1986: April - Apple Computer discontinues the original Macintosh and the Macintosh 512K.
    • 1986: April - Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh 512K Enhanced, for US$2000.
    • 1986: July - Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh XL.
    • 1986: September - Apple Computer introduces the Apple IIGS, with the Apple 3.5 drive, for US$1000.
    • 1987: January - Apple Computer introduces the Apple Platinum IIe.
    • 1987: March - Apple Computer introduces the open architecture Macintosh II, US$3900.
    • 1987: March - Apple Computer makes its 1 millionth Macintosh personal computer.
    • 1987: March - Apple Computer introduces the expandable Macintosh SE for US$2900.
    • 1987: March - Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh 512K Enhanced.
    • 1987: Apple Computer begins shipping the Macintosh II.
    • 1988: September - Apple Computer introduces the Apple IIc Plus for US$1100.
    • 1988: September - Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh IIx computer, base price is US$7770.
    • 1989: January - Apple Computer introduces the Macintosh SE/30, US$6500.
    • 1989: September - Apple Computer announces the Macintosh Portable, for US$6500.
    • 1989: September - Apple Computer announces the Macintosh IIci, for about US$8700.
    • 1991: February - Apple Computer discontinues the Macintosh Portable.